indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put on (lower-body clothing, e.g. pants, skirt, footwear); to wear; to affix (a sword to one's hip); (arch.) to affix (a bowstring to a bow)
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; (arch.) money
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot; considerate; kind; genial
to smile (at); to grin (at)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; the present time; just now; another; more
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
box-shaped funerary urn made of stone
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to wake up; to awake; to awaken to (instinct, ability, perception, etc.); to become aware of; to come to one's senses
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
shopping; purchased goods
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
steering; piloting; flying; management; handling; control
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
footpath; walkway; sidewalk
to thrust (something) into (something); to cram; to plunge into; to charge into; to delve into (a matter); to go into depth; to press (someone) about
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
too much; excessively; too
unsatisfying; disappointing; abrupt; not enough; too quick; too short
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be present (esp. during a birth); to be witness to