indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
while; during; while; although; all; both
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
saucepan; pot; stew; hot pot
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that day; the very same day
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in addition; furthermore; above (which); on top of (which)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
announcement; presentation; demonstration; displaying; showing; introducing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
there is no way that ...; easy; simple
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to expose (to the sun, public, danger, etc.); to bleach; to refine; to rinse (vegetables); to soak; to doxx
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
family; members of a family
to enclose; to surround; to shelter (e.g. a criminal); to shield; to keep (e.g. a mistress); to store (vegetables, fruit, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial