indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
royal capital; imperial capital
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
country; territory; domain; realm
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build up; to establish (one's reputation)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
outer circumference; perimeter; outskirts; periphery
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to invade; to attack; to breach; to penetrate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
for now; for the time being; for the present; though not quite satisfactorily; after a fashion
defense; defence; safeguard; protection
order; system; structure; set-up; organization; organisation
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
perilous pass (on a route or journey); rough spot
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
place; point; part; counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
dealing with; coping with
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
wages; pay; rental payment
provision; supply; payment; allowance; grant
to fail (in getting a job); to miss out (at fishing, hunting, etc.); to be left out; to be crowded out
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)