indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
letter; missive; note; mail
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
as one would expect; just as you'd expect (from); still; all the same; even ... (e.g. "even a genius")
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
hem; (trouser) cuff; bottom part; bottom edge; foot (of a mountain); tips (of hair)
lady attendant; lady's maid; waiting maid
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mark; sign; symbol; emblem; badge; crest
thin; pale; light; watery; thin; weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
seal (letters, documents, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark