continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
truth; reality; seriousness; logical truth; printed style writing; star performer
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
all people; everybody; ten thousand people
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stretch; to extend; to straighten out; to be flattened; to spread (of paint, cream, etc.); to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to come and go; to go back and forth
quotient; dealing; dealer; second degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); Shang dynasty (China, approx. 1600-1046 BCE); Yin dynasty
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
mountainous region; mountainous district; hilly district
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to furnish with; to equip with; to prepare for; to make preparations for; to possess (all that is needed); to be endowed with
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...