substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
chewing; mastication; digestion (e.g. of words); assimilation; comprehension
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
wearisome; insipid; dull; irksome; wretched; vain
to make a mess of it; to make a hash of it; to fail and lose face; to spread miso (e.g. on konnyaku)
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
chime; bell (e.g. doorbell)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
being in charge of (esp. a class or subject); taking charge of; class teacher; homeroom teacher; form teacher
just safe (e.g. just avoiding being late, failing an exam, etc.); only just OK; barely acceptable
light; easy; non-serious; minor
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
to stand on a podium; to teach; to be a teacher
class teacher; homeroom teacher; form teacher
number of times; frequency; count
(major) mark; level; barrier; 100-yen unit (stock market)
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
time; thyme; time out (e.g. in sport)
staying up late; keeping late hours; sitting up late at night; nighthawk
late at night; at a late hour
unintentionally; unconsciously; by mistake; heedlessly; against one's better judgement (judgment)
being enthusiastic about; being wild about; being absorbed in; being engrossed in; being devoted to
(one's) sleeping hours; hours of sleep
to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to delete; to erase
character; personality; (fictional) character; letter; character
to miss a meal; to lose the means to make one's livelihood
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
bento; Japanese box lunch
to bolt down (food); to gulp down; to shovel (into one's mouth)
scrubbing hard; scrubbing clean
to rub; to scrub; to scrape
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)
nagging; faultfinding; carping; captious
to crumble down; to tumble down; to fall in
to the limit; to the fullest extent; absolutely the limit; one cup after another; cup by cup
after a long time; for the first time in a while
farewell; adieu; goodbye; so long
to raise one's voice; to shout
Japanese dock (plant) (Rumex japonicus)
completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at all
to become blunt; to grow dull; to become less capable; to weaken; to falter