indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
god of war; (fig.) war hero
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
military officer; naval officer
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
mausoleum; shrine; the (imperial) court
incense variety used in kōdō (orig. from Thailand)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result