indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
neighboring countries; neighbouring countries; surrounding countries
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
equality; uniformity; evenness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
to compare; to make a comparison; to compete; to vie
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
role (which someone or something plays in a given situation); part; contribution (to a given situation)
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
weakening; emaciation; decline
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
violence; oppression; high-handedness; tyranny; despotism
according to; by (means of); due to; because of
interior; inside; internal
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
decomposition; putrefaction; putrescence; corruption; degeneracy; decay
to be doing; to be in the process of doing