today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
maid; helper; help; assistance
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
until now; so far; up to the present
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
just because; even if; even though
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
a tiny bit; just a smidgin; a wee bit; very slightly
to grow up; to become an adult
guidance; leadership; instruction; shido (disciplinary action for a minor infringement of the rules of judo)
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
rolled egg; rolled omelette (omelet); fried egg; frying pan for making rolled eggs
taking on (a challenge); attempt; try; tackling; challenging (someone to a contest)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to be in high spirits; to be full of vigor (vigour); to be enthusiastic; to be eager; to stretch to breaking point
to feel (as if); to have a feeling (that); to have a hunch (that); to feel like doing; to want to do
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to raise; to rear; to train; to teach; to promote the growth of; to nurture
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)