indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
sprout; shoot; bud; germinal disk (in an egg)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to grow up; to become an adult; to become big; to grow in size
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.); resilience; spring
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
profitable; worn-out; crumbling
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
even if not; even without
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
to pull tight; to brace; to tighten
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be needed; to be wanted
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
such; this sort of; like this
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth