unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
royal capital; imperial capital
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
apartment building; housing complex
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
though; notwithstanding; although
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
noted family; noble family; prestigious school, organization, business, etc.
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
heir; inheritor; successor
to be taken aback; to be astonished; to be dumbfounded
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
dumbfounded; overcome with surprise; in blank amazement; in a daze
natural; understandable; reasonable; no wonder
since one's birth; in one's whole life; all one's life
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already