unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
royal capital; imperial capital
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
apartment building; housing complex
poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
though; although; notwithstanding; while; as; at the same time as
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
distinguished family; famous family; noble family; prestigious organization (company, school, etc.)
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit; use
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
heir; inheritor; successor
to be taken aback; to be astonished; to be dumbfounded
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
dumbfounded; overcome with surprise; in blank amazement; in a daze
natural; understandable; reasonable; no wonder
since one was born; in one's (entire) life; in all one's life
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
commoner; plebeian; commoner (in Japan between 1869 and 1947; the lowest of the three classes)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
nobility; aristocracy; peerage
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already