indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
relatively; comparatively
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
(husband and wife) both working; dual income
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
primary school; elementary school; grade school
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
accomplishment; lessons (in an art, skill, etc.); practice
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
care of schoolchildren outside of school time
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
without permission; without notice
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be truant; to slack off; to play hooky; to skip school; to cut class; to skip out
senior high school; high school
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
washing; laundry; relaxing; taking a break