indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
to cock one's head in puzzlement; to tilt one's head in contemplation; to wrack one's brain; to think hard
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
several weeks; a few weeks
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
the other day; a few days ago
marriage ceremony; wedding; nuptials
fixed date; appointed day
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to bring forward (e.g. by 3 hours); to advance; to hasten (e.g. one's death); to quicken (e.g. one's step); to speed up; to accelerate
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
busy; hurried; confused; flurried
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
low table; table with very short legs
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to line up; to set up; to enumerate; to itemize; to be equal (to); to compare well (with)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence