horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fixed; settled; constant; definite; uniform; regularized
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
scenery; scene; landscape
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
energy; vigour; vigor; liveliness; spirit; life
to be full of (e.g. adventure, youth, energy); to be overflowing with
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
royal castle; imperial castle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
curious; strange; unusual
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to feel; to sense; to experience
people; men and women; each person; everybody
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
(abstract) symbol; emblem; representation
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
national border; provincial border
to face; to go towards; to head towards
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")