indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
senior high school student
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
longed-for; anxiously awaited
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to put on (clothing); (lit.) to put (one's arms) through the sleeves
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
brand-new article; new item
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to long for; to yearn for; to hanker after; to be attracted by; to be drawn to; to aspire to
admission (to a school or university); entrance; enrolment; enrollment; matriculation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hope; wish; aspiration; (bright) prospects; expectation
pupil; student; schoolchild
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
to speak frankly; to put things bluntly
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
senior high school; high school
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
great difference; big difference; wide margin
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
scholarly ability; scholarship; knowledge; literary ability
difference; variation; difference
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
by means of; due to; because of; according to