indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
senior high school student
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
which (of three or more); well; now; c'mon
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
longed-for; anxiously awaited
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put on (of clothing); (lit.) to put (arms) through sleeves
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to long for; to yearn after; to admire; to be attracted by
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
pupil; student; schoolchild
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to speak frankly; to put things bluntly
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
senior high school; high school
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
great difference; big difference; wide margin
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
scholarly ability; scholarship; knowledge; literary ability
difference; variation; difference
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
by means of; due to; because of; according to