indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
travelling incognito (traveling); special palanquin for carrying a daimyo or his wife incognito
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
study; pursuit of knowledge
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
practice; practising; training; study
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
byway; bypath; byroad; loophole; excuse
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
daily routine; daily work; daily lesson
nashi (Pyrus pyrifolia, esp. var. culta); Japanese pear; Asian pear; sand pear; apple pear
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in