indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
inner palace (reserved for women); harem; seraglio; consort of the emperor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live; to reside; to inhabit
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
charge; duty; person in charge; connection; linking
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
bed; berth; crib; cot; kip; bedroom
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
going back to sleep (e.g. after waking up in the morning)
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
noon; midday; daytime; lunch
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
space; air; midair; (from) memory; (by) heart
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
while; during; while; although; all; both
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
antiquity; the previous era