once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
God; god; ace; king; superior person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
overthrow; defeat; bringing down; knockdown
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
presumptuous; impertinent; impudent; ridiculous; laughable; absurd
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
suffix for familiar person
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
eternity; permanence; perpetuity; Eikyū era (1113.7.13-1118.4.3)
to seal (letter); to prevent; to forbid; to block
plan; policy; means; fifth principle of the Eight Principles of Yong; right upward flick
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you