indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
set of problems (e.g. in a textbook) in which previously learned skills are applied to real world situations; practical assessment
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
movement; transfer; migration; mobile; moving; traveling
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
complete; completion; perfection; accomplishment