indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
impressions; thoughts; feelings; reactions
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
going; travelling; act; action; bank; counter for banks; counter for groups or parties of people
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
creator (of a work); author; writer; artist; composer; playwright
the number of flat things; win-loss difference which influences the ranking of wrestlers
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise