indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
polishing (e.g. essay); revision; elaboration; refinement; improvement
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
writing; composition; essay; sentence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
amendment; correction; revision; modification; alteration; retouching
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
writing (e.g. as a profession)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
myself; yourself; I; me; you
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
tiny amount of money; a penny; one letter; one character; one mon (unit of currency)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
while; during; while; although; all; both
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
PC; personal computer; prestressed concrete; precast concrete; polycarbonate; political correctness; patrol car
omitted character; omitted letter
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance