indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to travel on frequently (e.g. a road or path)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
person with whom to speak; someone to talk to; companion; advisor; adviser
incidentally; taking the opportunity; while (you) are at it; on the occasion
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to die out; to peter out; to become extinct; to cease; to be stopped; to be discontinued
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
Norman; Nauman; Naumann; Normann
quiet (place); still; silent; inconspicuously; modestly; quietly
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
rustling; dry; rough feeling; rough (of a person); course; catching fish with a net
grass; weed; (arch.) ninja; not genuine; substandard; LOL
to make a sound; to give off a sound; to hear a sound