indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
aeroplane; airplane; aircraft
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
Oki (former province located on Oki Island in present-day Shimane Prefecture); Oki (island)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); (in neo-Confucianism) the underlying principles of the cosmos
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back