indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
private property; personal belongings; personal effects
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hand-me-down; food offering to the gods; leftovers; trip from Kyoto to the provinces
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
child born within a year of another; children born in consecutive years
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
beginning; outset; first; onset
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
not a chance; not likely; oh no; yuck; fault; defect
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
older sister; lass; young lady
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
exchange (e.g. cultural); interchange; interaction; alternating current; AC
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to be unreasonable; to whine; to throw a tantrum
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
count; earl; chief official of the Department of Worship; (arch.) eldest brother; Brazil; Brazilian
wealthy; rich; affluent; well-off