indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
to be stormy; to be rough; to be rough (of skin); to be chapped; to be ruined; to fall into ruin
garden; yard; courtyard; field (of action); area
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
reputation; respectability; honour; honor
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to tell (somebody) to (do something)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indication; denotation; designation; instructions; directions
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
concentration; focusing; convergence; within a collection of works
place; situation; position; location