indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
remote region; frontier (district); border(land)
count; earl; chief official of the Department of Worship; (arch.) eldest brother; Brazil; Brazilian
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
don't you think?; indicates question
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
bakery; baker; pastry shop
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
coach (horse-drawn); carriage; wagon; cart
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
lunch; noon; midday; daytime; waking up; getting up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
bell (often a large hanging bell); chime
five; five years of age; eight o'clock (old time system)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
to obey respectfully; to humble oneself; to sit straight (upright, respectfully, attentively)
to visit; (arch.) (original meaning) to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
attitude; manner; behaviour; attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance
to hide; to conceal; to lower volume (of a sound or one's voice) so as not to be heard; to become quiet and inconspicuous
largish; biggish; a little bit larger
to feign friendliness; to play the hypocrite