once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
magical powers; supernatural powers; spell; charm
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be full of (e.g. adventure, youth, energy); to be overflowing with
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
rampancy; prevalence; domination
people; men and women; each person; everybody
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to press against each other; to huddle together
poor (living); barely continuing; just scraping along; very narrow
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to subsist; to keep on living
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to take the name of; to call oneself; to pretend; to feign; to purport
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
to learn; to acquire knowledge; to carry; to wear (clothes, etc.); to put on
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together
cooperation; collaboration
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
rise and fall; ups and downs
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
origin; beginning; variable measure of fabric (28.8 cm in width); for kimonos: at least 10 m in length; tip; extremity
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to spread; to extend; to unfold; to open; to scatter about; to spread around
reclamation (e.g. wasteland); cultivation; development; pioneering; opening up (e.g. new market); breaking new ground
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
place; situation; position; location