indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
demon; devil; evil spirit; monster; goblin; apparition
portion; potion (e.g. magical)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
central part; heart (of a city)
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
danger; peril; hazard; risk
that is to say; so that means
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to let out a cry; to break forth
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
suffix for familiar person
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become