indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
now; the present time; just now; another; more
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
pinch; crisis; tough spot; clothespin
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall into (e.g. a hole); to fall into (chaos, depression, dilemma, illness, etc.); to fall into (a trap, etc.); to fall; to surrender
before one's eyes; in front of one; under one's nose; immediate; imminent; around the corner
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
selfish; egoist; (arch.) self-indulgent; (arch.) wilful; (arch.) willful
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
marriage of convenience; marriage for political reasons
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
slant eyes; almond-shaped eyes; eyes that are turned up at the corners
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
tough; hard; determined; strong-minded; strong (e.g. sunlight, alcohol); severe
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
audience (with a person of high standing); eye-level
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!