indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
in that way; thus; so; so?
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
lily yarn; handicraft, knitting, etc. thread made of artificial silk
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that