indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
future (usually near); prospects
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be worried; to be troubled
route; course; path; one's future course (e.g. after graduating high school)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
very busy (person or thing)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in the meanwhile; during the time
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
regrettable; disappointing; precious; dear; too good for; deserving better
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
part-time job; side job; part-time worker; albite
to miss (doing); to fail (to do)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
study; diligence; discount; reduction
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
fullness; completion; enhancement; improvement; replenishment; repletion
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...