indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inhabitant; resident; citizen; population
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
settlement; village; community; (bacterial) colony
circumference; outskirts; environs; (computer) peripheral
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
not worth mentioning (with neg. verb); nothing special
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
originally; by nature; from the start
tough; strong; stiff; tenacious
race; tribe; species; genus; stellar population (i.e. population I, II and III)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
helplessly; easily; without resistance; without regret
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
go that far; to that extent
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
admiration; being impressed; admirable; praiseworthy; astonishment; being appalled
to tell (somebody) to (do something)
average height; average body height
metre; meter; meter; gauge
... being the case; (precisely) because ...; as might be expected from ...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
defense; defence; protection