north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryō system)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)
popular name; common name; nickname; alias
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
lack of sleep; insufficient sleep
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to torment; to torture; to afflict; to harrow
on a routine basis; regularly; habitually
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
even more; still more; one layer; lowest floor (of a building); rather; sooner
irritation; annoyance; frustration
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to run (of liquid); to spread; to blur; to blot; to ooze; to well up (of tears, etc.)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
court council; privy council
attendance; participation; presence
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what is to be done?; what should (I) do?; what (am I) to do?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (make something) quiver; to shake; to tremble; to vibrate
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
resolution; vote; decision
to end; to come to an end; to finish; to complete; to finish doing; to be past its (one's) prime
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
origin; source; basis; base; cause; (raw) material; ingredient
and (concurrently; e.g. chauffeur and secretary); in addition to; at the same time; cum (e.g. bedroom-cum-study)
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation