north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)
popular name; common name; nickname; alias
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
lack of sleep; insufficient sleep
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to torment; to torture; to harass
on a routine basis; regularly; habitually
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
much more; still more; single layer (or storey, etc.); (arch.) rather; (arch.) sooner
irritation; annoyance; frustration
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to run (of liquid); to spread; to blur; to blot; to ooze; to well up (of tears, etc.)
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
court council; privy council
attendance; participation; presence
retainer; subject; vassal; servant
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what is to be done?; what should (I) do?; what (am I) to do?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (make something) quiver; to shake; to tremble; to vibrate
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
resolution; vote; decision
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
to leave behind; to put off; to postpone
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
cum (e.g. bedroom-cum-study); holding both roles (e.g. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs); and; in addition; concurrently; at the same time
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation