indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
return journey; one's way home; one's way back
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
grace; favor; favour; blessing; benefit
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to approach; to draw near; to gather (in one place); to come together; to stop by (while on one's way to another place); to drop by; to grow old
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
going to work; leaving for work; attendance (at work); being at work; presence (in the office); reporting for work
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
black; black (coffee); exploitative (company); overly harsh; boldface; blackface
one's post; place of work; workplace
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
hello; good day; good afternoon
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
mark; sign; to mark; to put a mark on; trademark; paying attention to
mess; sorry state; -ways; -wards; in the act of ...; just as one is ...
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
what did you do?; is anything the matter?; what seems to be the problem?; can I help you?
exactly; precisely; just; just (like); as if; as though
control; management (e.g. of a business)
clerk; (bureau, post-office) staff
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
dance (esp. Western style); dancing
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
as soon as ...; just after ...; immediately after ...; hurriedly; in haste; quickly