master; boss; stable master; craftsman; artisan; (arch.) foster parent
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
life; living; livelihood; (one's) living
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
blacksmithing; forging; smithery; blacksmith; smith
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
helper; assistant; help; assistance
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
to become possible; to become able to (do)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
dukedom; duchy; principality
(national) capital (city); metropolis
(school) recital; school concert; class presentation; presentation (for a new product, etc.); announcement event; launch event
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
I'm told; is what I heard; is how it is, apparently; is what they said
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to pile up; to heap up; to stack up; to repeat many times over; to go through repeatedly; to accumulate
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
betterment; improvement; kaizen (Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement)
thanks to ...; owing to ...; because of ...
stiff neck; stiff shoulders
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
grip (of hand); grip strength
elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress