indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
royal castle; imperial castle
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
general; universal; ordinary; average; (arch.) the same; (arch.) no different
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
single-person cell; solitary cell; solitary confinement cell
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
all kinds of things; various things; large number of people
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
outward appearance; ostensible; public; official
disposal; throwing away; dealing with (a problem); measure; punishment; penalty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
accommodation; reception; seating; custody (e.g. awaiting deportation); internment; admission
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bulky; massive; thick; heavy
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
adjacency; contiguity; being adjoined
tedium; boredom; dullness; to feel bored; to get bored with; to get tired of
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
pair; the two; both persons; both things
worn-out; ragged; crumbling; dry and crumbly; falling (in drops or clumps); scattering
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
tuft (of hair, threads, etc.); fringe; bunch (of grapes, bananas, etc.); cluster (of flowers); segment (of a tangerine, etc.); section
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
mirror; looking-glass; barrel head; page added at the beginning of a document mentioning its purpose, date, author, etc.; mirror-shaped mochi
myself; yourself; I; me; you
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
to disappear; to vanish; (arch.) to die
to be haggard; to be gaunt; to be emaciated; to be worn out (e.g. illness, worry)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)