here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
5th day of the month; five days
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
border (between countries); national border
along (a river, coast, railway, etc.); on (e.g. a street)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
going out to shop; going shopping; buying in quantity; buying wholesale; bulk purchasing
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
(personnel) change; transfer; relocation; reassignment; reshuffle
report; notification; registration
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to drop by; to stop by; to drop in; to approach; to draw near; to come close (to)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to be conspicuous; to stand out
royal capital; imperial capital
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
port city; harbor city; harbour city
(air or sea) route; course; line; run
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
four; 4; four years of age; ten o'clock (in the old time system); burakumin; cross grips
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed