indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to ill-treat; to bully; to torment; to be tough on (e.g. one's body); to treat harshly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
two persons; two people; pair; couple
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to take into one's possession; to receive; to take into one's care (e.g. person, pet); to take custody of; to leave; to go away