summer vacation; summer holiday
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
to pass (of time); to elapse
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
homeroom; form room; form class
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
order; turn; sorting; obedient; docile; submissive
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
beginning; outset; first; onset
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
two persons; two people; pair; couple
overhead; above one's head; high in the sky
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
to be silent; to say nothing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to leave alone; to leave as is; to ignore; to neglect
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
often; frequently; now and then; occasionally
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)