indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
spring water; clear (pure) water
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
while; during; while; although; all; both
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
in that way; thus; so; so?
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you