indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
substitute; replacement; stand-in; proxy; compensation; exchange
candy; sweet; confectionary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to change color (esp. leaves, fruit, flowers) (colour); to turn crimson (e.g. leaves in autumn); to begin to redden; to ripen; to grow ripe
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
form; shape; figure; visage
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be solved; to be resolved; to loosen; to come untied; to be removed (of restrictions); to be lifted (e.g. a ban)
to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
a (short) time; a while; one time (in the past); a period; (arch.) two-hour period
devil; evil spirit; genie
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
in a sense; in some way; to an extent
time; hour; period; class
to also be (implies that as well as the earlier stated this is also the case); to be ... or something
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?