indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(national) capital (city); metropolis
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
the rest; the others; in addition (to that); besides that; and so forth; and the like
name; designation; denomination; naming; giving a name
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
existence; being; presence
beside a nobleman; close aid (of a nobleman, etc.); place where a high ranking person resides; one's own city (of a shogun, lord, etc.); place under one's direct control; one's own turf
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
pride; self-confidence; thinking highly of oneself; being proud of one's abilities or achievements
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
from the beginning; from the first; of course; not to mention ...; not only ... but also ...
country; territory; domain; realm
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
another place; some other place; another (person or thing); other; beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be preeminent; to be outstanding
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
the south; southward; southern direction; countries in the south (esp. Southeast Asia and the pre-WWII South Pacific Mandate)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
under the control (of); under the dominion (of)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to rule; to govern; to reign over; to subdue; to suppress; to quell
if that is the case; if it becomes so; when it becomes so
scale; scope; plan; structure
naturally; of course; understandably
university or college offering four-year programs; the big four ...; the four major ...
town; city; municipal; urban
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more