indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to pass (of time); to elapse
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
number one; first; best; most; game; round
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
occurrence; happening; incident; event
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
together (with); at the same time; in one lump; in the same category
to let (someone) play; to keep (someone) amused; to leave idle; to not make use of; to do; to do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and then; in addition to that; also; even so
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
whereabouts; place; location; place where one belongs; where one fits in; place where one can be oneself
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
hostel; dormitory; (arch.) bureau (government department beneath a ministry under the ritsuryō system); (arch.) tea-ceremony room; (arch.) villa
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
even more; still more; one step; one rung; one paragraph; one passage
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
soon; before long; shortly; close (by); near; nearby
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally