indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to overlook; to command a view of; to look down on; to despise; to look down on
to become speechless; to be at a loss for words
spine (of book); binding (of book)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cruel; merciless; atrocious; pitiful; tragic; horrible
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
library; book storage; stack room; archive (file)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to spend time (on doing something)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yours sincerely; respectfully yours
famous; noted; renowned; celebrated; well-known
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
rule; reign; peaceful times
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style