and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
time; years; days; the Moon and the Sun
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
... years old; age (of) ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
one day; all day (long); the whole day; first day of the month
a few hours; several hours; a couple of hours
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
speaker; lecturer; lecturer (at a university or college); instructor; part-time teacher; tutor (at a cram school)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
manners; etiquette; polite behaviour
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
caller; visitor; company; guest
to treat (a guest); to receive; to entertain; to be hospitable to; to make welcome
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
etc.; et cetera; and so on
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
originally; from the start; from the beginning; none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
to be taught; to learn; to take lessons in
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(practical) application; putting to practical use; applied (e.g. physics, linguistics, research)
edition; version; plate; block; counter for editions of a publication
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
slim; slender; lithe; smoothly; without resistance; without trouble
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to digest; to break down; to break to pieces; to be able to use; to be good at; to finish; to complete
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively; extreme
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
life; living; livelihood; (one's) living
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
royal castle; imperial castle
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)