and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; years; days; the Moon and the Sun
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
superior; excellent; brilliant; outstanding
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
caller; visitor; company; guest
to entertain; to make welcome
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
etc.; et cetera; and so on
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
originally; by nature; from the start
to be taught; to learn; to take lessons in
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(practical) application; putting to practical use; applied
edition; version; plate; block; editions of a publication
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
slim; slender; lithe; smoothly; without resistance; without trouble
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to digest; to break down; to break to pieces; to be able to use; to be good at; to finish; to complete
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
royal castle; imperial castle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)