indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
study; library; den; home office; reading room
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
young child; toddler; child over 1 but not yet of school age
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
bulky; massive; thick; heavy
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
to spill; to drop; to grumble; to complain; to let one's feelings show
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indeed; really; truly; very much
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
time; hour; period; class
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to spend; to expend; to waste; to squander; to devote
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
third day of the month; three days
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to shut oneself in (e.g. one's room); to be confined in; to be filled with (emotion, enthusiasm, etc.); to fill the room (of a gas, smell, etc.); to be heavy with (e.g. smoke); to be muffled (e.g. voice); to hold (a castle, fortress, etc.)
to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise