indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
repatriation; return; (electrical) feedback
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
(one's) exclusive use; private use; dedicated use; use for a particular purpose; exclusive use (of particular products); using only (e.g. a certain brand)
door; gate; opening; title page
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
outside the country; abroad
studying abroad; studying at a different school, etc. (usu. for a specific purpose)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
older brother; elder brother
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
call; summons; convening; convocation
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
by all rights; properly speaking; legally speaking
right away; without delay; as soon as possible; very soon
to come; to go; to participate; to perform Zen meditation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
unexpectedly; surprisingly
late attendance; lateness; tardiness
to have a reason; to have an excuse
honorific/polite/humble prefix
government office; public office
lending (money); finance; loan; adaptability; versatility; flexibility
to be effective; to take effect; to work; to function well; to be possible (to do, use, etc.); to be able to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
giving and taking; exchange (of letters); arguing back and forth; (conversational) exchange
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to recall; to remember; to recollect