indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
atelier; studio; workshop
rotation; making the rounds; spreading; effect; efficacy; by way of; via
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to scatter; to sprinkle; to distribute (handbills, etc.); to spread (rumours, etc.); to give the slip; to throw off
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
lack of sleep; insufficient sleep
to blame; to reproach; to question (a suspect); to challenge; to aggravate (an injury); to be aggravated
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to stick into; to pierce; to run into
antiquity; the previous era
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
large tree; big tree; huge tree
overflowing; flood; inundation; oversupply; plethora
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
giant; great man; Tokyo Giants (baseball team)
ingredient; (raw) material; unprocessed timber; raw timber; subject matter; topic
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
study; research; investigation
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise