endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
royal castle; imperial castle
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
guest room (at a hotel); guest cabin (on a boat); passenger cabin (on a plane); drawing room
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
interior; inside; internal
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
now; the present time; just now; another; more
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
related to; in relation to; as far as ... is concerned