indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
to raise; to bring up; to rear; to cultivate; to foster; to nurture
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
time; years; days; the Moon and the Sun
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
to line up; to set up; to enumerate; to itemize; to be equal (to); to compare well (with)
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
understood; I see; OK; present; here
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
decision; determination; resolution
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay